如何与人打交道：人际关系的潜在影响

Q168

所以我开始将这些社会网络所散发的信号看作是活着的事物，可以放到显微镜下来研究、分析、理解。我们用各种各样的技术来做到这一点。我们开始研究其他各种现象。我们查看了吸烟和喝酒行为，投票行为，离婚─—也是可以传染的，还有自闭症。最终，我们对情感产生了兴趣。当我们有情感的时候，我们会将它们呈现出来。我们为什么要展示我们的情感呢？内在地感受情感，比如快乐与愤怒，当然是有其好处，但我们不单单是感受它们，我们也展示它们。我们不仅仅展示它们，其他人也可以阅读它们。其他人不仅仅可以阅读它们，他们也可以复制它们。在人类群体中，就有着情感的传染。情感的这一功能就表示除了其他作用之外，情感也是一种原始的表达方式。事实上，如果我们想真正地了解人类的情感，就要以这种方式来思考它们。

And so, I came to see these kinds of social networks as living things, as living things that we could put under a kind of microscope to study and analyze and understand. And we used a variety of techniques to do this. And we started exploring all kinds of other phenomena. We looked at smoking and drinking behavior, and voting behavior, and divorce -- which can spread -- and altruism. And, eventually, we became interested in emotions. Now, when we have emotions, we show them. Why do we show our emotions? I mean, there would be an advantage to experiencing our emotions inside, you know, anger or happiness. But we don't just experience them, we show them. And not only do we show them, but others can read them. And, not only can they read them, but they copy them. There's emotional contagion that takes place in human populations. And so this function of emotions suggests that, in addition to any other purpose they serve, they're a kind of primitive form of communication. And that, in fact, if we really want to understand human emotions, we need to think about them in this way.

Q168

我们已经习惯了在简单、简短的时间内来考虑情感。打个比方来说，我最近在纽约市演讲，其中说到：“当你在地铁上，车厢对面的人向你微笑时，你会下意识地回报以微笑。”他们看着我，说到：“我们纽约人才不会做那种事情。”我说：“世界上其他地方的人都会做，是人之常理。” 所以我们有一种很本能的方式在短时间内把情感传递给彼此。事实上，情感的传染可以更广阔一些，比如在暴乱中，我们会加强愤怒的表情。我们想要问的问题是：情感的传递能否超越地铁车厢上相互微笑的一小部分人，而是以比暴乱更持久的方式，长时间地在更多人之间传播？也许我们平静的表面下都蕴藏着某种时刻激荡着我们的某种暴乱。也许有某种情感蜂拥在社会网络中溅起涟漪。也许事实上，情感是有一种共有的存在性，不单单是个人的存在性。

Now, we're accustomed to thinking about emotions in this way, in simple, sort of, brief periods of time. So, for example, I was giving this talk recently in New York City, and I said, "You know when you're on the subway and the other person across the subway car smiles at you, and you just instinctively smile back?" And they looked at me and said, "We don't do that in New York City." (Laughter) And I said, "Everywhere else in the world, that's normal human behavior." And so there's a very instinctive way in which we briefly transmit emotions to each other. And, in fact, emotional contagion can be broader still. Like we could have punctuated expressions of anger, as in riots. The question that we wanted to ask was: Could emotion spread, in a more sustained way than riots, across time and involve large numbers of people, not just this pair of individuals smiling at each other in the subway car? Maybe there's a kind of below the surface, quiet riot that animates us all the time. Maybe there are emotional stampedes that ripple through social networks. Maybe, in fact, emotions have a collective existence, not just an individual existence.

Q168

这是我们用来研究这一现象所做出的早期图象之一。同样是一个社会网络，不过这一次我们把快乐的人涂成了黄色，难过的人涂成了蓝色，介于两者之间的人涂成了绿色。如果你看看这幅图片，你立马就能看到快乐的人和不快乐的人扎堆出现，同样地是传递到三层分离关系。你的直觉也许会告诉你不快乐的人在这个网络中占据着一个不同的结构点。这个网络有个中心部分、有个边缘地带，而不快乐的人好像都集中在边缘地带。再打个比方，如果你把这些社区网络想象成是一大块人类的绸缎──我与你相连，你和她相连，无止境地延伸──这块绸缎就好像是美国老式的被子一样，上面是一块块的补丁，有快乐的补丁，也有不快乐的。而你快乐与否就决定于你是否身处一块快乐补丁上。

And this is one of the first images we made to study this phenomenon. Again, a social network, but now we color the people yellow if they're happy and blue if they're sad and green in between. And if you look at this image, you can right away see clusters of happy and unhappy people, again, spreading to three degrees of separation. And you might form the intuition that the unhappy people occupy a different structural location within the network. There's a middle and an edge to this network, and the unhappy people seem to be located at the edges. So to invoke another metaphor, if you imagine social networks as a kind of vast fabric of humanity -- I'm connected to you and you to her, on out endlessly into the distance -- this fabric is actually like an old-fashioned American quilt, and it has patches on it: happy and unhappy patches. And whether you become happy or not depends in part on whether you occupy a happy patch.

Q168

所以像情感这种如此基础的东西都能按此来工作，我们不得不猜想，也许社会网路的基本原因是写在我们的基因中的。因为人类的社会网络，每当构造起来的时候， 总是会和这个网络的图片很相似，但它们却从来不会是这个样子的？它们为什么不是这个样子的呢？为什么我们不组成一个个有规则的格子框架的社会网络呢？人类社会网络惊人的样貌、其无所不在的特性和它们显而易见的功能，让我们猜想社会网络是否是我们进化的产物，而我们又是否进化出具有某种特殊结构的社会网络。
So, this work with emotions, which are so fundamental, then got us to thinking about: Maybe the fundamental causes of human social networks are somehow encoded in our genes. Because human social networks, whenever they are mapped, always kind of look like this: the picture of the network. But they never look like this. Why do they not look like this? Why don't we form human social networks that look like a regular lattice? Well, the striking patterns of human social networks, their ubiquity and their apparent purpose beg questions about whether we evolved to have human social networks in the first place, and whether we evolved to form networks with a particular structure.

Q168

首先注意——要想搞懂这一切，我们必须先把这个网络结构分解一下——注意到每个人在这个网络中的结构点和其他人都是一样的。但在真实的网络中，却不是这个样子的。好比说，这是东北部一所顶尖大学内大学生之间的真实网络图。我这里着重挑选了几个圆点，如果你仔细看看这些圆点，把左上角的点B和最右边的点D做比较。B有四个朋友从他那里延伸出来，D则是有六个朋友。所以这两个人的朋友数量有所不同──这是显而易见的，我们都知道。但社会网络结构中的其他方面就没有这么明显了。
And notice first of all -- so, to understand this, though, we need to dissect network structure a little bit first -- and notice that every person in this network has exactly the same structural location as every other person. But that's not the case with real networks. So, for example, here is a real network of college students at an elite northeastern university. And now I'm highlighting a few dots. If you look here at the dots, compare node B in the upper left to node D in the far right; B has four friends coming out from him and D has six friends coming out from him. And so, those two individuals have different numbers of friends. That's very obvious, we all know that. But certain other aspects of social network structure are not so obvious.

Q168

把左上角的点B和左下角的点A做比较。他俩都有四个朋友，但是A的朋友们彼此相知，B的朋友们却不是。所以A的一个朋友的朋友，反过来还是A的朋友，而B的一个朋友的朋友倒不一定是B的朋友，而是在网络中的更远处。这就是网络中的可传递性。最后再来比较点C和点D，两者都有六个朋友，如果你问他们：“你的社交生活怎样？”他们会说：“我有六个朋友。这就是我的社交经历。”但我们来鸟瞰这个网络，我们就会发现他们的社交圈是完全不同的。接下来的这个问题就可以培养你这方面的直觉：如果一种致命的病毒在这个网络里得以扩散， 你希望你是其中的哪一位？你是想当C还是想当D？你当然是想当D，处在网络的边缘。如果一条跟你无关的八卦新闻在这个网络里散播，你又会想当谁呢？这次你会想当C。

Compare node B in the upper left to node A in the lower left. Now, those people both have four friends, but A's friends all know each other, and B's friends do not. So the friend of a friend of A's is, back again, a friend of A's, whereas the friend of a friend of B's is not a friend of B's, but is farther away in the network. This is known as transitivity in networks. And, finally, compare nodes C and D: C and D both have six friends. If you talk to them, and you said, "What is your social life like?" they would say, "I've got six friends. That's my social experience." But now we, with a bird's eye view looking at this network, can see that they occupy very different social worlds. And I can cultivate that intuition in you by just asking you: Who would you rather be if a deadly germ was spreading through the network? Would you rather be C or D? You'd rather be D, on the edge of the network. And now who would you rather be if a juicy piece of gossip -- not about you -- was spreading through the network? (Laughter) Now, you would rather be C.

Q168

以不同的结构点对你的人生有着不同的影响。事实上，我们的实验结果表明，朋友数量的差异有46%都是可以通过基因得以解释。这并不奇怪。因为我们知道，有的人生来腼腆，有的人生来合群。这是显而易见的。但我们也发现了一些不是那么明显的东西。比如，你的朋友们是否认识彼此，其中47%的差异都是和你的基因有关。你的朋友们是否认识彼此不仅仅和他们自己的基因有关，也和你的基因有关。我们认为其中的原因就在于有的人喜欢把自己的朋友介绍给彼此──没错，说的就是你──而其他人喜欢把朋友们分开，不喜欢介绍给彼此。所以有些人将他们身边的网络们编织在一起，构成了紧密相联的深层网络，而他们则是舒服地身处其中。最后，我们甚至发现人们是身处网络中心还是边缘，30%的差异也是和他们的基因相关。所以你是在中心还是边缘，有一部分是遗传的。

So different structural locations have different implications for your life. And, in fact, when we did some experiments looking at this, what we found is that 46 percent of the variation in how many friends you have is explained by your genes. And this is not surprising. We know that some people are born shy and some are born gregarious. That's obvious. But we also found some non-obvious things. For instance, 47 percent in the variation in whether your friends know each other is attributable to your genes. Whether your friends know each other has not just to do with their genes, but with yours. And we think the reason for this is that some people like to introduce their friends to each other -- you know who you are -- and others of you keep them apart and don't introduce your friends to each other. And so some people knit together the networks around them, creating a kind of dense web of ties in which they're comfortably embedded. And finally, we even found that 30 percent of the variation in whether or not people are in the middle or on the edge of the network can also be attributed to their genes. So whether you find yourself in the middle or on the edge is also partially heritable.

Q168

Now, what is the point of this? How does this help us understand? How does this help us figure out some of the problems that are affecting us these days? Well, the argument I'd like to make is that networks have value. They are a kind of social capital. New properties emerge because of our embeddedness in social networks, and these properties inhere in the structure of the networks, not just in the individuals within them. So think about these two common objects. They're both made of carbon, and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it that are arranged in one particular way -- on the left -- and you get graphite, which is soft and dark. But if you take the same carbon atoms and interconnect them a different way, you get diamond, which is clear and hard. And those properties of softness and hardness and darkness and clearness do not reside in the carbon atoms; they reside in the interconnections between the carbon atoms, or at least arise because of the interconnections between the carbon atoms. So, similarly, the pattern of connections among people confers upon the groups of people different properties. It is the ties between people that makes the whole greater than the sum of its parts. And so it is not just what's happening to these people -- whether they're losing weight or gaining weight, or becoming rich or becoming poor, or becoming happy or not becoming happy -- that affects us; it's also the actual architecture of the ties around us.
说这些的目的是什么呢？如何加深我们的理解？如何帮助我们解决现今与我们生活息息相关的各种问题呢？我的论点是这些社会网络充满价值。 他们好比一种社交资产。 由于我们身陷其中，新的网络属性会出现，而这些属性是继承在网络的结构之中，不仅仅是在网络中的个人身上。 所以想想这两个日常用品，他们都是由碳做成的，不过其中的一个是由碳原子以独特的方式组合而成的，形成了左手边的石墨，柔软和漆黑。但如果你将相同的碳原子以不同的方式关联到一起，就会得到钻石，透彻而坚硬。而这些柔软、坚硬、漆黑和透彻的属性并不是存在于碳原子本身中。而是存在于碳原子之间的联系中，或者至少是由于这些联系造成的。同样的，人与人之间的关联形态也是赋予了各组群不同的属性。正是人与人之间的关联使得这个世界要比单单各部分的总和伟大许多。所以不仅仅是这些人所经历的事情──他们在减肥还是在增肥，在变富还是在变穷，在快乐还是在不快乐──影响着我们； 同时影响我们的还有我们彼此关系所组成的实质结构。

Q168

Our experience of the world depends on the actual structure of the networks in which we're residing and on all the kinds of things that ripple and flow through the network. Now, the reason, I think, that this is the case is that human beings assemble themselves and form a kind of superorganism. Now, a superorganism is a collection of individuals which show or evince behaviors or phenomena that are not reducible to the study of individuals and that must be understood by reference to, and by studying, the collective. Like, for example, a hive of bees that's finding a new nesting site, or a flock of birds that's evading a predator, or a flock of birds that's able to pool its wisdom and navigate and find a tiny speck of an island in the middle of the Pacific, or a pack of wolves that's able to bring down larger prey. Superorganisms have properties that cannot be understood just by studying the individuals. I think understanding social networks and how they form and operate can help us understand not just health and emotions but all kinds of other phenomena -- like crime, and warfare, and economic phenomena like bank runs and market crashes and the adoption of innovation and the spread of product adoption.
我们在这个世界的经历取决于我们所处网络的实质结构，以及激荡和流动于这个网络中的各种事物。我认为，其原因就在于人类可以组织在一起组成一个“超级生物体”。这个“超级生物体”就好像是每个个体的集合，展示或标注某些无法在个体层面上研究的行为和现象，是只能通过对整体的探讨和研究来获得了解，就好比一窝寻找新的筑巢之地的蜜蜂；又好比是一个躲避捕食者的鸟群；或是可以集中智慧、辨清方向、找到太平洋之中飘荡小岛的鸟群；抑或是可以捕捉巨大猎物的狼群。超级生物体的特性是无法通过对个体的研究得以完全理解的。我认为通过对社会网络的理解，研究它们是如何构成和运行的，能够帮助我们了解不仅仅是健康和情感，还有许多其他的各种现象，比如犯罪和福利以及经济现象比如银行挤兑和市场崩盘，再有就是新技术的引用以及产品使用的扩展。

Q168

Now, look at this. I think we form social networks because the benefits of a connected life outweigh the costs. If I was always violent towards you or gave you misinformation or made you sad or infected you with deadly germs, you would cut the ties to me, and the network would disintegrate. So the spread of good and valuable things is required to sustain and nourish social networks. Similarly, social networks are required for the spread of good and valuable things, like love and kindness and happiness and altruism and ideas. I think, in fact, that if we realized how valuable social networks are, we'd spend a lot more time nourishing them and sustaining them, because I think social networks are fundamentally related to goodness. And what I think the world needs now is more connections.
看看这个。我认为我们组建社会网络的原因是因为一个与人相连的生活模式要利大于弊。如果我总是对你很暴力给你错误的信息，或是使你难过，或是让你染上致命的疾病，你就会和我断交，这个网络也就会瓦解。所以好的、有价值的事物的传播是维持、滋润社会网络的必要条件。同样的，社会网络也是传播这些好的、有价值的事物的必要条件，比如关爱与慈悲，快乐和博爱，以及想法。我认为，事实上，如果我们可以意识到社会网络的价值所在，我们将会花费更多的时间来滋养、维持它们，因为我认为社会网络在本质上是与美好相连的，而我认为我们这个世界上所需要的，正是更多的关联。


Thank you.
谢谢大家。