生产企业循环水的管理

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微生物控制

循环冷却水处理除解决腐蚀控制、结垢控制外，第三个问题是水中的微生物控制。

A、细菌中的产黏泥细菌是冷却水中最多的有害细菌，在水中它产生一种胶状、黏性的附着力较强的沉积物，这一些沉积物覆盖金属表面，降低了冷却效果，又阻止了阻垢剂和缓蚀剂在金属表面的阻垢、缓蚀作用，形成了沉积物下腐蚀（垢下腐蚀）。细菌中的铁沉积细菌在含铁的水中生长，覆盖在钢铁表面，形成氧浓差腐蚀电池，还从钢铁表面的阳极区除去亚铁离子，使钢铁加快腐蚀。其它还有产硫化细菌、产酸细菌、硫杆菌，将都是腐蚀的原因。

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MicroB control

In addition to solving corrosion control and scaling control, the third issue in the treatment of circulating cooling water is the control of microorganisms in the water.

A. The slim-producing bacteria among bacteria are the most harmful bacteria in cooling water. In the water, they produce a colloidal and viscous deposit with strong adhesion. These deposits cover the metal surface, reducing the cooling effect, and preventing the scale and corrosion inhibition effects of scale and corrosion inhibitors on the metal surface, resulting in the formation of subsurface corrosion (subsurface corrosion). The iron deposition bacteria in the bacteria grow in iron containing water and cover the surface of steel, forming an oxygen concentration corrosion battery. They also remove ferrous ions from the anode area of the steel surface, accelerating the corrosion of steel. Other causes of corrosion include sulfur producing bacteria, acid producing bacteria, and thiobacillus.

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B、真菌，如霉菌、酵母二种，它们能吸附在木质、水池壁和换热器上，使药剂与金属表面无法接触而失效，并能产生沉积物下的腐蚀。

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B. Fungi, such as mold and yeast, can adsorb on wood, pool walls, and heat exchangers, preventing the agent from contacting the metal surface and causing failure, and can cause corrosion under sediment.

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C、藻类在向阳面将大量繁殖，形成团状或悬浮在水中、或覆盖在金属表面。换热器中其沉积物的垢下腐蚀，将严重威胁着目标换热器，因此控制微生物是水处理过程中的一个重要环节。

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C. Algae will multiply in large numbers on the sunny side, forming clumps or suspending in water, or covering metal surfaces. The corrosion of the deposits in the heat exchanger under the scale will seriously threaten the target heat exchanger, so controlling microorganisms is an important link in the water treatment process.

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循环水装置的正常运行维护

系统经清洗、预膜结束后即转入日常运转。根据循环水系统的特点，选用合适的水处理药剂，并采取如下措施，来保证循环水系统正常运行：

1、严格工艺管理，提高指标合格率

循环水处理，表面看似简单，加入各种缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、杀生剂就行了，可是，真正要把腐蚀、结垢、微生物控制好却不是一件容易的事，因为水质变化大，影响因素多。关键是，一旦出问题，无论腐蚀也好，结垢也好，却是不可逆的。循环水出了问题，有持续性、不可逆性，发生了腐蚀、结垢，只会恶性循环，情况越来越糟，不可能把被腐蚀的金属还原；生成的水垢，要全部清除它，溶解它，也很难办到。所以,在管理上就要尽量避免这些不可逆的因素发生，防患于未然。

我们采取以下措施来保证循环水处理处于优良状态：

a）坚持分析监测制度。规定对水质指标作现场分析，再由公司化验室每周抽样一次，其中还包括对当天所留水样的复查，以确保分析的准确可靠性。

b）重视人工可调指标的执行和考核（药剂浓度、余氯、碱度），对关键操作实行工序管理。我们将水处理药剂投加作为工序管理点进行质量管理，以确保药剂浓度指标合格。

c）工艺指标合格率、分析差错率及工序能力都纳入考核范围。

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Normal operation and maintenance of circulating water device

After cleaning and prefilming, the system will be put into daily operation. According to the characteristics of the circulating water system, appropriate water treatment agents are selected and the following measures are taken to ensure the normal operation of the circulating water system:

1. Strict process management to improve the qualification rate of indicators

The surface of circulating water treatment seems simple, and it is enough to add various corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, and biocides. However, it is not easy to truly control corrosion, scaling, and microorganisms, as the water quality varies greatly and there are many factors that affect it. The key is that once something goes wrong, whether it's corrosion or scaling, it's irreversible. There is a problem with the circulating water, which is persistent and irreversible. If corrosion and scaling occur, it will only lead to a vicious cycle. The situation is getting worse and it is impossible to restore the corroded metal; It is also difficult to completely remove and dissolve the generated scale. Therefore, in management, it is necessary to avoid the occurrence of these irreversible factors as much as possible and prevent them before they occur.

We take the following measures to ensure that the circulating water treatment is in good condition:

a) Adhere to the analysis and monitoring system. It is required to conduct on-site analysis of water quality indicators, and the company's laboratory will take samples once a week. This also includes a review of the water samples left on the day to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the analysis.

b) Pay attention to the implementation and assessment of manually adjustable indicators (reagent concentration, residual chlorine, alkalinity), and implement process management for key operations. We use the dosing of water treatment reagents as a process management point for quality management to ensure that the reagent concentration indicators are qualified.

c) The qualification rate of process indicators, analysis error rate, and process capability are all included in the assessment scope

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.2、优化水处理配方，调节好水质

水质处理包括二方面

：一是药剂配方，缓蚀、阻垢、杀菌哪个都不能偏废；

二是水质指标的调整，除了药剂外，水质也有对腐蚀、结垢起作用的指标，如浊度、PH、碱度、钙离子、氯离子等，必须将水质标准调节到药剂配方要求的范围，即要重视前者又要重视后者。其实，后者相当重要，药剂对浊度、碱度、Ca2+、Fe3+的敏感程度、溶解度都不一样。

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2. Optimize water treatment formula and regulate water quality

One is the formulation of chemicals, which should not be neglected in terms of corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and sterilization;

The second is the adjustment of water quality indicators. In addition to chemicals, water quality also has indicators that can affect corrosion and scaling, such as turbidity, PH, alkalinity, calcium ions, and chloride ions. The water quality standards must be adjusted to the range required by the pharmaceutical formulation, which requires attention to both the former and the latter. In fact, the latter is quite important, as reagents differ in sensitivity and solubility to turbidity, alkalinity, Ca2+, and Fe3+.