实验室防污染管理 Laboratory Pollution Prevention Management

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“使用前”和“使用后”的培养基，不应在同一时间、用同一台灭菌锅进行处理，且必须有严格的流程控制。

1. 为什么可以放在同一个房间？
空间效率：许多实验室空间有限，将所有灭菌设备集中在一个专用的“灭菌室”或“清洗灭菌区”是常见且高效的做法。
设施共享：该房间通常配备必要的设施，如水源、排水、通风、耐腐蚀地面和工作台面，适合进行灭菌相关操作。
便于管理：集中管理灭菌设备、监控运行状态、维护保养更方便。
只要遵循正确的操作规程和物理/流程隔离，放在同一房间是安全且合规的。

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Why can they be placed in the same room?
Space efficiency: Many laboratories have limited space, making it common and efficient to concentrate all sterilization equipment in a dedicated "sterilization room" or "cleaning and sterilization area.".
Facility Sharing: The room is typically equipped with necessary facilities such as water supply, drainage, ventilation, corrosion-resistant flooring, and workbenches, making it suitable for sterilization-related operations.
Easy to manage: Centralized management of sterilization equipment, monitoring of operational status, and maintenance become more convenient.
As long as the correct operating procedures and physical/flow isolation are followed, placing them in the same room is safe and compliant.

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为什么不能混用同一台灭菌锅？（关键！）
这是生物安全的基本原则，原因如下：

风险        说明
交叉污染        如果刚灭菌完“使用后”的污染废弃物，紧接着就灭菌“使用前”的无菌培养基，即使锅体经过清洁，也极有可能残留活的微生物或气溶胶。这些污染物可能在下一次灭菌时释放，污染本应无菌的培养基，导致实验失败（假阳性）。
逆向污染风险        在打开灭菌锅取出已灭活的废弃物时，如果锅内还有未完成灭菌周期的无菌物品，高温高湿环境可能促进污染物扩散，污染这些物品。
生物安全风险        操作人员在处理污染物品后，若未彻底清洁双手和设备，再操作无菌物品，会造成人为污染。
法规与标准要求        ISO 15190（医学实验室安全）、GB 19489（实验室 生物安全通用要求）等标准都强调要防止交叉污染，对高风险操作进行隔离。

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Why can't we mix the same sterilization pot? (Key!)
This is the fundamental principle of biosafety, for the following reasons:

Risk statement
Cross contamination: If the contaminated waste is sterilized immediately after use and then sterilized with sterile culture medium before use, even if the pot is cleaned, there is a high possibility of residual live microorganisms or aerosols. These pollutants may be released during the next sterilization, contaminating the culture medium that should have been sterile, resulting in experimental failure (false positives).
Reverse contamination risk: When opening the sterilization pot to remove inactivated waste, if there are still sterile items in the pot that have not completed the sterilization cycle, the high temperature and high humidity environment may promote the diffusion of pollutants and contaminate these items.
Biosafety risk operators may cause human contamination if they do not thoroughly clean their hands and equipment before handling sterile items after handling contaminated items.
Regulations and standards such as ISO 15190 (Medical Laboratory Safety) and GB 19489 (General Requirements for Laboratory Biosafety) emphasize the need to prevent cross contamination and isolate high-risk operations.

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正确的放置与操作方式（确保安全）
如果两台灭菌锅或一个灭菌锅用于不同目的，必须采取以下措施：

方案一（最佳实践）：使用两台反文旁虫立的灭菌锅
一台专用于“使用前”物品：
灭菌对象：新配制的培养基、缓冲液、生理盐水、空玻璃器皿、手术器械等。
要求：保持高度洁净，定期清洁内腔。
一台专用于“使用后”废弃物：
灭菌对象：使用过的培养基（平板、液体）、离心管、移液头、手套等生物危害废弃物。
要求：坚固耐用，易于清洁消毒，明确标识。
✅ 优点：物理隔离，风险最低，管理最清晰。推荐在预算和空间允许的情况下采用

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Correct placement and operation method (ensuring safety)
If two sterilization pots or one sterilization pot is used for different purposes, the following measures must be taken:

Option 1 (Best Practice): Use two sterilization pots with anti parasitic worms
A dedicated item for 'pre use':
Sterilization objects: newly prepared culture medium, buffer solution, physiological saline, empty glassware, surgical instruments, etc.
Requirement: Maintain high cleanliness and regularly clean the inner cavity.
A dedicated machine for "post use" waste:
Sterilization objects: Used culture media (plates, liquids), centrifuge tubes, pipettes, gloves, and other biohazard waste.
Requirements: Durable and sturdy, easy to clean and disinfect, clearly labeled.
✅  Advantages: Physical isolation, lowest risk, and clearest management. Recommended for use within budget and space constraints

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房间内的布局建议

如果两台设备在同一房间，建议：

• 物理分隔：尽可能将两台灭菌锅分开摆放，避免操作时相互干扰。
• 标识清晰：每台灭菌锅上贴有醒目标签，如“无菌物品专用”和“污染废弃物专用”。
• 动线分离：规划好“洁净区”（放灭菌后无菌物品）和“污染区”（放待灭菌的废弃物），避免交叉。
• 个人防护：处理污染物品时，穿戴手套、实验服、护目镜；处理无菌物品前，更换手套或彻底洗手。
  

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Layout suggestions for the room
If two devices are in the same room, it is recommended to:

Physical separation: Try to separate the two sterilization pots as much as possible to avoid mutual interference during operation.
Clear identification: Each sterilization pot is labeled prominently, such as "Dedicated for sterile items" and "Dedicated for contaminated waste".
Flow separation: Plan the "clean area" (where sterile items are placed after sterilization) and the "contaminated area" (where waste to be sterilized is placed) to avoid crossing.
Personal protection: Wear gloves, lab coats, and goggles when handling contaminated items; Before handling sterile items, change gloves or wash hands thoroughly.

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